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Everything You Need to Know About COSHH: The Complete Guide

Understanding COSHH regulations is crucial to ensuring a safer work environment—discover how you can stay compliant and protect your team.

DJ

David Jones

Published January 30, 2025

COSHH Explained
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What Does COSHH Stand For?

COSHH stands for Control of Substances Hazardous to Health. It is a set of regulations introduced in the UK to manage the risks associated with hazardous substances in the workplace. These regulations help protect workers from exposure to harmful chemicals, dust, fumes, and biological agents.

What is COSHH?

COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) is a crucial legal framework designed to protect employees and employers from the risks associated with hazardous substances in the workplace. Under COSHH regulations, businesses must identify potentially dangerous materials, assess the level of risk they pose, and implement stringent control measures to minimize exposure.

The primary aim of COSHH is to ensure workplace safety by preventing work-related illnesses caused by substances such as chemicals, fumes, dust, vapours, and biological agents. The regulations cover a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, cleaning, construction, and beauty therapy.

Key aspects of COSHH include:

  • Identifying hazardous substances – Employers must evaluate chemicals, liquids, powders, and gases used in the workplace to determine their potential harm.
  • Assessing risks – This involves conducting COSHH assessments to understand how exposure occurs and its effects on health.
  • Implementing control measures – These measures may include ventilation systems, protective equipment, substitution with safer alternatives, and proper storage solutions.
  • Providing employee training – Workers must be educated on handling hazardous substances safely, understanding COSHH data sheets, and following risk mitigation procedures.
  • Monitoring and reviewing safety protocols – Regular reviews ensure that safety measures remain effective and compliant with legislation.

The COSHH regulations were first introduced in 1988 and later updated in 2002 to align with new workplace risks and improve protective measures. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) enforces these regulations, ensuring that businesses comply with safety standards to protect employees from occupational diseases and injuries caused by exposure to hazardous substances.

What Are the COSHH Symbols?

COSHH symbols are hazard pictograms used to indicate potential risks. The main symbols include:

COSHH Symbols
  • Toxic/Danger – Substances that can cause severe harm or death if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin.
  • Warning – Chemicals that may cause less severe health effects, such as irritation, dizziness, or mild toxicity.
  • Long-Term Health Hazard – Substances that can cause chronic health issues like cancer, respiratory damage, or organ failure.
  • Danger to Environment – Chemicals harmful to aquatic life and ecosystems, leading to long-term environmental damage.
  • Corrosive – Substances that can cause severe burns, eye damage, or corrosion of metals.
  • Flammable – Materials that ignite easily and pose a fire hazard when exposed to heat, sparks, or open flames.
  • Oxidiser – Chemicals that can intensify fires or cause flammable materials to ignite more easily.
  • Explosive – Substances that may detonate or explode under heat, pressure, or impact.
  • Compressed Gas – Gases stored under pressure that can explode, leak, or cause cold burns upon contact.

What Does COSHH Cover?

COSHH covers a wide range of hazardous substances, including:

  • Chemicals
  • Fumes
  • Dust
  • Vapours
  • Nanomaterials
  • Biological agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
  • Gases

However, COSHH does not cover:

  • Asbestos (covered under separate regulations)
  • Lead (covered under the Control of Lead at Work Regulations)
  • Radioactive substances
  • Biological agents causing severe disease
  • Medication and food products

What is a COSHH Assessment?

A COSHH assessment is a risk evaluation process that determines how hazardous substances in the workplace can impact health. Employers must identify risks, decide on protective measures, and document findings in a COSHH risk assessment report. The assessment includes:

  • Identifying hazardous substances
  • Evaluating exposure risks
  • Implementing safety measures
  • Providing COSHH data sheets for guidance

How to Conduct a COSHH Assessment

A Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) assessment is a structured process designed to identify and mitigate risks associated with hazardous substances in the workplace. Proper assessment ensures compliance with health and safety regulations while protecting employees from potential harm.

Step-by-Step Guide to Conducting a COSHH Assessment:

There are eight essential steps to achieving COSHH compliance:

Identify Hazardous Substances

  • List all chemicals, fumes, dust, biological agents, or other hazardous substances used or produced in the workplace.
  • Check safety data sheets (SDS) and product labels to understand the hazards associated with each substance.
  • Consider both direct and indirect exposure risks (e.g., inhalation, skin contact, ingestion).

Evaluate the Risk to Health

  • Assess how employees, contractors, and visitors may be exposed.
  • Determine the severity of health effects (e.g., respiratory issues, skin irritation, long-term illnesses).
  • Identify vulnerable groups, such as pregnant workers or those with pre-existing conditions.

Implement Appropriate Control Measures

Use the hierarchy of controls:

  • Elimination or Substitution – Replace hazardous substances with safer alternatives where possible.
  • Engineering Controls – Install ventilation systems, fume hoods, or containment measures.
  • Administrative Controls – Establish safe work practices, limit exposure times, and provide training.
  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – Equip employees with gloves, masks, or protective clothing as a last resort.

Document Findings

  • Maintain detailed records of identified hazards, risk assessments, and implemented control measures.
  • Ensure documentation aligns with COSHH regulations and company policies.
  • Make the information accessible to relevant personnel.

Review and Update Regularly

  • Conduct periodic reviews to reflect any changes in substances, processes, or regulations.
  • Reassess risks when new chemicals are introduced or when workplace conditions change.
  • Encourage employee feedback to identify additional risks or improvements.

Why is COSHH Important?

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations play a vital role in workplace safety by protecting employees from exposure to harmful substances. Effective COSHH management prevents work-related illnesses, ensures legal compliance, and promotes a healthier work environment.

COSHH regulations protect employees from hazardous substances, ensuring workplace safety and legal compliance. Without proper assessments, workers risk respiratory issues, skin disorders, chemical burns, and long-term illnesses like cancer due to prolonged exposure to harmful substances.

COSHH also strengthens business reputation and sustainability. Companies with strong policies attract skilled workers, lower insurance claims and legal risks, and ensure long-term operational success.

Who is Responsible for COSHH Compliance?

Compliance with the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations is a shared responsibility between employers and employees. Each has specific duties to ensure a safe and legally compliant working environment.

Employer Responsibilities

Employers have a legal duty under COSHH regulations to protect workers from hazardous substances. They must:

  • Conduct COSHH Risk Assessments – Identify hazardous substances and evaluate their potential health risks.
  • Implement Control Measures – Introduce appropriate safety measures, such as ventilation systems, protective barriers, or substitution of hazardous substances.
  • Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – Supply employees with necessary protective gear, such as gloves, masks, and eye protection.
  • Ensure Safe Storage and Handling of Chemicals – Follow proper storage guidelines, including labeling, segregation, and containment to prevent accidental exposure.
  • Deliver COSHH Training – Educate employees on the risks of hazardous substances, safe handling procedures, and emergency response measures.
  • Monitor and Review Compliance – Regularly update COSHH assessments, control measures, and training programs in response to new risks or regulatory changes.

 

Employee Responsibilities

Employees also have a duty to follow COSHH guidelines and ensure their own safety and that of others. They must:

  • Use PPE Correctly – Wear and maintain protective gear as instructed.
  • Follow Safety Procedures – Adhere to workplace policies for handling, storing, and disposing of hazardous substances.
  • Report Hazards Immediately – Notify supervisors of any spills, leaks, or unsafe conditions.
  • Attend COSHH Training – Participate in provided training sessions to stay informed about workplace hazards and best practices.

Is COSHH a Legal Requirement?

Yes, COSHH is a legal requirement under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Non-compliance can result in legal action, fines, or workplace closure. Additionally, COSHH training is mandatory in industries handling hazardous substances, including health and social care, construction, cleaning, and hairdressing.

How Often Should COSHH Assessments Be Reviewed?

COSHH assessments should be reviewed regularly, typically annually, to ensure ongoing compliance and workplace safety. However, more frequent reviews are necessary if there are significant changes in the workplace, such as:

  • Introduction of new hazardous substances – Any new chemicals or materials require assessment to determine potential risks.
  • Changes in work processes – Modifications in handling, storage, or exposure levels may require updated control measures.
  • Accidents or health issues – If an incident occurs, a review is essential to identify the cause and implement stronger safety measures.

What is a COSHH Data Sheet?

A COSHH Data Sheet, also known as a Safety Data Sheet (SDS), provides essential information about hazardous substances used in the workplace. It helps employers and employees understand the risks associated with chemicals and how to handle them safely.

Key Information in a COSHH Data Sheet:

  • Chemical Properties – Name, composition, and physical/chemical characteristics.
  • Health Hazards – Potential effects on health, such as irritation, toxicity, or long-term risks.
  • Handling and Storage – Safe usage, storage conditions, and incompatibilities.
  • Exposure Controls – Recommended protective measures, including ventilation and personal protective equipment (PPE).
  • First Aid Measures – Steps to take in case of accidental exposure.
  • Firefighting Measures – How to handle fires involving the substance.
  • Spill and Disposal Procedures – Proper methods for containing spills and safely disposing of the substance.

A COSHH data sheet is a crucial part of workplace safety, ensuring that employees are informed about potential hazards and the necessary precautions to prevent accidents and health risks.

Where Should a COSHH File Be Located?

A COSHH file should be stored in a clearly designated, easily accessible location where employees can quickly review safety information. This ensures that all workers handling hazardous substances can refer to essential data when needed.

The COSHH file should contain:

  • COSHH risk assessments – Evaluations of hazardous substances and their potential risks.
  • COSHH data sheets – Safety Data Sheets (SDS) providing details on chemical properties, hazards, and handling procedures.
  • Safety procedures and emergency plans – Guidelines for safe handling, spill response, first aid, and fire precautions.

The file should be kept up to date and readily available in key locations such as workstations, health and safety offices, or near chemical storage areas, ensuring compliance with regulations and workplace safety standards.

What Does COSHH Cover in Specific Industries?

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations apply across various industries, ensuring the safe handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous substances. Different sectors face unique risks, and COSHH assessments help mitigate exposure to harmful chemicals, dust, and biological agents.


1. Health and Social Care

Workers in healthcare settings are exposed to various hazardous substances, including:

  • Cleaning Chemicals – Disinfectants, sterilising agents, and bleach used for infection control.
  • Biological Agents – Exposure to bloodborne pathogens, viruses, and bacteria from patient care.
  • Medication Safety – Handling cytotoxic drugs, anaesthetic gases, and controlled substances.
  • Latex and Allergens – Risks from gloves, dressings, and other medical equipment.


2. Construction

Construction workers regularly encounter airborne particles and toxic materials, including:

  • Silica Dust – Generated from cutting, drilling, and grinding materials like concrete and stone, leading to respiratory diseases.
  • Cement and Plaster – Can cause skin irritation, burns, and lung conditions.
  • Fumes from Hazardous Materials – Exposure to lead, asbestos, welding fumes, and bitumen.
  • Paints and Solvents – Risks from inhaling volatile organic compounds (VOCs).


3. Cleaning Industry

Cleaning professionals frequently handle chemicals that pose serious health risks, such as:

  • Detergents and Disinfectants – Prolonged exposure can cause respiratory issues and skin irritation.
  • Bleach and Ammonia – Toxic if mixed improperly, leading to harmful vapours.
  • Solvents and Aerosols – Found in industrial cleaners, floor strippers, and degreasers, causing eye and lung irritation.


4. Hairdressing and Beauty

Salon workers are exposed to chemicals that can cause skin and respiratory conditions, including:

  • Hair Dyes and Bleaching Agents – Contain ammonia and peroxide, leading to allergic reactions or burns.
  • Shampoos and Conditioners – Some products contain harsh detergents that can irritate the scalp and skin.
  • Nail and Beauty Products – Acrylic nails and spray tans involve exposure to fumes and allergens.

What Are the Consequences of Not Following COSHH?

Failure to comply with COSHH regulations can lead to serious health risks, legal penalties, reputational damage, and even business closure. Employees exposed to hazardous substances without proper control measures may suffer from respiratory diseases, skin conditions, chemical burns, or long-term illnesses like cancer.

Non-compliance can result in heavy fines, lawsuits, and criminal prosecution under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Employers may face costly compensation claims, and repeated violations can lead to imprisonment. A poor safety record can also damage a company’s reputation, making it harder to attract clients, employees, and business partners. Negative publicity from workplace incidents can further impact trust and credibility.

In severe cases, businesses risk regulatory shutdowns, financial losses, and permanent closure. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has the authority to stop unsafe operations until compliance is met. Ensuring COSHH compliance protects workers, prevents legal issues, and safeguards business sustainability.

Conclusion

Understanding what COSHH stands for and why it is important is essential for maintaining a safe and compliant work environment. Employers must actively adhere to COSHH regulations, conduct regular COSHH assessments, and provide adequate COSHH training to employees. Proper implementation of these regulations helps prevent workplace hazards, ensuring the health and safety of workers across industries.

For those looking to enhance their knowledge and ensure compliance, enrolling in a COSHH Awareness Level 3 course can be invaluable. This course provides in-depth guidance on risk assessment, hazard identification, and legal responsibilities, equipping professionals with the expertise needed to maintain a safe and legally compliant workplace. To learn more about the course, visit COSHH Awareness Level 3.

By following COSHH 2002 guidelines, businesses can effectively reduce workplace risks, protect employees, and avoid costly legal repercussions, ultimately fostering a safer and more sustainable working environment.

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